A Hypothesis Is a Claim

, The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance A Hypothesis Is a Claim , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS Essay

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS - Essay Example Cloud computing can be stated as a model for facilitating on-demand, convenient and ubiquitous access to shared pool of computing and configurable resources. This resource sharing platform helps in achieving economies of scale and coherence. The concept of cloud computing is based on a broader aspect of shared services and converged infrastructure. Cloud resources are also dynamically reallocated along with being accessed by multiple users. The entire approach of cloud computing has shifted focus towards OPEX model from basic infrastructure of CAPEX model. This study would reflect upon one of the cloud computing services, known as IAAS. Infrastructure as a service or IAAS is a basic cloud service platform. This mainly refers to online services which abstract user from data partitioning. There are some additional resources offered by IAAS clouds such as raw block storage, firewalls, disk-image library, load balancers, virtual local area networks, software bundles and object storage. W indows Server is a known technology or application based on the concept of IAAS. It is a brand name given to bundle of server operating systems, which are launched by Microsoft. The first server edition was named as Windows NT 3.1; however, there have been advancements in developing Windows Server. This study shall analyse key vulnerabilities witnessed by Windows Server and mitigation strategies implemented over the years. There are some general approaches too that can safeguard the system from external threats.

American Industrial Revolution Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Essay

American Industrial Revolution Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - Essay Example These factors all allowed Pittsburgh to become the major American city contributing to the Industrial Revolution, and Pittsburgh's connections with the rest of the United States helped to spawn the Industrial Revolution in other parts of the country. In order to understand why Pittsburgh was such a key player in America's Industrial Revolution, one must trace the city's boom back to the start of the Industrial Revolution within the city's own boundaries. The start of the Industrial Revolution in Pittsburgh can be traced all the way back to the start of the nineteenth century. The low cost of coke, and iron, alongside the large amount of coal found near Pittsburgh contributed to the development of the iron industry within the city, and later, within America (Bernal, 1970, p. 83). Most of the iron production during this time period used charcoal as a source of fuel. However, the discovery of the abundance of minerals around Pittsburgh introduced a new and better way to produce iron. This occurred mainly because coal can create a higher temperature, and is thus more effective for burning in comparison to charcoal. Furthermore, the coal found outside of Pittsburgh was excellent in quality, and was vary abundant (Derry and Williams, 1993, p. 94). For example, coal seams were discovered to be at least four to ten feet in thickness outside the city, and when compared to London, Pittsburgh's coal turned out to be of better quality, more abundant, and most importantly, more profitable. The early production of iron nails, balls, and different farm tools began to occur, and eventually these products were widely available to the public. In 1812, Pittsburgh developed the first iron rolling mill, using the development of the steam engine. This first mill spawned many other mills using steam engine power, and the city grew as a result (Hannegan, 2000, p. 23). By 1815, Pittsburgh could be called the biggest city in the east. This advancement in iron technology in the city opened the door to allowing Pittsburgh to become a major city within the Industrial Revolution. Obviously having better quality coal than London, which was at the heart of the Western Industrial Revolution, is an early indicator of how important Pittsbur gh was becoming to the rest of the United States. The coal developments in Pittsburgh inspired the rest of the United States to revise its approach to goal development. After the development of the iron mills came the development of glass factories, pottery mills, breweries, grist mills, nail mills, steam engine factories, cotton factors, and printing offices. The glass factories were yet another important development to the Industrial Revolution and the rest of the United States. Not surprsingly, plate glass saw very limited residential use in the 1800's. In Boston some of the wealthiest people had begun to use polished plate glass instead of sheet glass in their front windows before 1850. In 1897 the Marsh Plate Glass Company developed a continuous lehr (oven) for annealing plate glass, reducing the carefully controlled cooling time from three days to three hours. Oldhousejournal online

Ecstasy :: essays research papers

â€Å"Ecstasy† Damages the Brain and Impairs Memory in Humans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an article that was found at NIDA NOTES on the Internet, titled â€Å"Ecstasy â€Å" Damages the Brain and Impairs Memory in Humans, discusses the horrible effect that this popular drug has on the human body. In a supported study conducted by NIDA, it had shown the direct evidence the use of MDMA, which is also known as ecstasy has on causing brain damage. Using brain-imaging techniques the study had found that MDMA harms neurons that release serotonin, which is a brain chemical that plays a very important roll in regulating memory and our other functions. In other studies researches have found that people who do this drug have memory problems only two weeks after doing the drug. MDA does change your brain and the consequences are harmful. This is mainly for young people who are using the drug the most heavily. In a brain imaging study, researches took brain scans of 14 MDA users who had not used any psychoactive drug, including MDA for th ree weeks. Brain images were also taken of 15 people who had never used MDMA. In the people who had used the drug the images had shown a significant reduction of the number of serotonin transporters. The results were that the people who had used MDMA lost more of these then people who had never done the drug before. The lost of memory was also tested on MDMA users. 24 MDMA users and 24 people who had never done the drug before were tested for memory. Compared to the non-MDMA users the MDMA users had significant trouble in visual and verbal memory. The side effects are growing, and it was proven that use of this drug could damage your brain and give you server memory loss.

Gestalt Psychology Reflection Essay

At almost the same time the behaviorist revolution was gathering strength in the United States, the Gestalt revolution was taking hold of German psychology. Gestalt theories followed the basic principle that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The main founders of Gestalt Psychology are Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler. Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler worked in establishing theories of Gestalt Psychology. Kurt Koffka His main focus was in the field of cognition and psychological development. Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler also journeyed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands off Africa’ s, to study chimpanzees. KÃ ¶hler suggested that Gestalt theory was a general law of nature that should be extended to all the sciences. The six perceptual organization principles are as follows: Chapter 12 Figures 12.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1. Proximity: Parts that are placed close together, they tend to be perceived as a group (a), the circles in three double columns rather than as one large collection. 2. Continuity: There is a tendency in our perception to follow a direction, to connect the elements in a way that makes them seem continuous or flowing in a particular directions. (a) you tend to follow the columns of small circles from top to bottom. 3. Similarity: Similar parts tend to be seen together as forming a group. (b), the circles and the dots each appear to belong together, and you tend to perceive rows of circles and rows of dots instead of columns. 4. Simplicity: A good gestalt is symmetrical, simple and stable and cannot be made simpler. (c) are good Gestalt because they are clearly perceived as complete and organized 5. Closure: There is a tendency in our perception to complete figures, to fill in gaps. (c), you perceive three squares even though the figures are incomplete. 6. Figure/Ground: We tend to organize perceptions into the object being looked at and the background against which it appears. (d) the figure and the ground are reversible, you may see two faces or you may see a vase, depending on how your perception is organized. References Schultz, D. (2011). A history of modern psychology (10th edition) Chapter 12

Strontium - Elements in Fireworks

Metal salts are important in fireworks and other pyrotechnics. One of the most common metallic elements is strontium, which is atomic number 38 on the periodic table, with element symbol Sr. However, the pure metal isnt used. Fireworks are made using strontium salts, especially  strontium carbonate (SrCO3) and strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2). Strontium nitrate acts as both a colorant (the strontium part) and an oxidizer (the nitrate portion). Strontium salts impart a red color to fireworks. Strontium compounds are also important for stabilizing fireworks mixtures. Youll find it in emergency flares, including road flares and flare guns. Is Strontium Toxic? Strontium is one of the safest metals found in fireworks (biologically speaking). As with other metals, it has its uses, but overexposure can lead to problems. Strontium chloride is found in some toothpastes intended to reduce tooth sensitivity. It forms a barrier over the nerve endings in tooth dentin that is exposed by receding gums. Strontium supplements are available, said to aid bone health. In Europe, strontium ranelate is available by prescription to reduce fracture rate from osteoporosis. The strontium compounds available online or in the United States are more commonly strontium citrate or strontium chloride, which have not been shown to be effective for osteoporosis. While exposure to trace levels of strontium isnt a concern, taking a large amount of it is associated with side effects, including blood clots and heart damage. Sources J. Paul MacMillan, Jai Won Park, Rolf Gerstenberg, Heinz Wagner, Karl Kà ¶hler, Peter Wallbrecht Strontium and Strontium Compounds in  Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.ONeill GT, Rolfe LR, Kaufman MH. Developmental potential and chromosome constitution of strontium-induced mouse parthenogenones (1991)  Mol. Reprod. Dev.30:214-219​.Pradyot Patnaik.  Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Fedex Community And Employees And Its Relationships With Charitable Organizations Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1739 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? FedEx is committed to its employees, and the communities it serves. In addition to corporate philanthropy and employee volunteerism, FedEx has developed strategic relationships with charitable organizations that share its values. FedEx mission is to actively support and provide a valuable benefit to the communities it serves, and to strengthen its global reputation through strategic allocation of its people, resources and network. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fedex Community And Employees And Its Relationships With Charitable Organizations Business Essay" essay for you Create order Core Giving Areas Working with global and grassroots organisations across  Europe, the  Middle East, Indian subcontinent and  Africa, FedEx provides support under four specific areas that draw on the strength of both the FedEx organisation, and its employees across the region. Emergency and Disaster Relief FedEx provides contributions and logistics/ transportation support for emergency and disaster needs. Relationships have been established with several relief agencies to help ensure that aid reaches people quickly and efficiently during times of crisis. Pedestrian and Child Safety Safety is a core FedEx value, and it is the companys top priority across all operations. FedEx currently partners with the Safe Kids Foundation,  India  to promote child and pedestrian safety, and also supports other organizations that work to enhance the safety of children and road-users across the region.  Education Education is vital to the future of our communities and to FedEx. The company works extensively with organisations that deliver educational programs such as the  FedEx  Brake  Road  Safety  Academy  in the  UK.   FedEx also supports youth development organizations across the globe that deliver educational programs in the following areas: environment, cultural diversity, technology, global economics and trade to enhance learning.  Health and Human Services FedEx provides support for health and human service needs through its relationships with Fondation de France, Child Relief and You (CRY),  India, and SOS Kinderdorf in  Germany.   Requests for Assistance  Available support includes financial contributions, in-kind shipping services and coordination of volunteer services by our employees.  FedEx prefers to contribute to specific program needs rather than special events or capital campaigns, and focuses on building long-term relationships with local partners. Because of the large volume of requests we receive, FedEx is unable to accept requests made via telephone.  Applicants should be registered charitable organisations, in good financial and public standing.   Organisations must show evidence of competent management, low administrative/fundraising expense ratios, and a non discriminatory program benefiting broad segments of the community.  For all programs, FedEx heavily weighs the potential involvement of its employees when reviewing an organisation or project.   Requests are judged on individual merit, however, funding is generally not available for the following: Additional funds to organizations already supported Athletic groups or activities, including charity-benefit sporting events Complimentary shipping of items sold through fundraisers Exclusively tax-supported educational institutions Individual needs, including scholarships Endowments or memorials Public or private elementary schools, secondary schools or colleges FedEx promotional merchandise Political or labour organizations Sectarian or religious denominations Membership dues Travel funds for tours, expeditions or trips  FedEx Express endeavours to responds to all requests in writing. However, because of the large volume of requests it receives, the company is unable to give any responses or confirmations over the telephone.  If your request is selected for funding or support, you will be notified. Not every request that matches FedEx contribution guidelines will receive funding.   All contributions are one-time only unless otherwise stated.  Requests for contributions can be made by writing to: FedEx Express Social Responsibility St Goedeleplein 14 Brussels  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1000 Belgium  Â  Diversity at FedEx Express EMEA FedEx seeks to employ staff from its surrounding communities, drawing on the local experience and knowledge to deliver an outstanding service every day.  FedEx is dedicated to the principle that our employees are our most important resource, and has been recognized as a leading organisation with a commitment to employing a diverse workforce:  FedEx Express Germany signed the German Charter of Diversity in 2007  . In 2006, the French Minister for Equal Opportunities launched the Diversity within Corporation awards to reward outstanding practices within both small business and large multinational corporations.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  FedEx was awarded the Partnership Award,  based on its level of commitment to establishing a diverse environment, involvement of social partners, training and internal communication.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  FedEx Express France signed the France Diversity Charter in 2005. FedEx Express Belgium was recognized by the  Great Place  to Work Institute for its excellent policies supporting a diverse workforce, winning the Diversity Award for 2006. Environment FedEx recognises that effective environmental management is one of its most important corporate priorities. FedEx is committed to protecting and respecting the environment through outstanding environmental performance and efficient operations.  FedEx works hard to develop practical and innovative ways to ensure its facilities and transport operations are as efficient and environmentally responsible as possible.  FedEx takes its environmental responsibilities very seriously, integrating business practices that reduce emissions, modernizing the aircraft fleet, and by using and strongly supporting the development of alternate fuel vehicles.  As part of our ongoing efforts to attain this objective, FedEx focuses on the following initiatives:  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Commitment to a continual improvement process in environmental management  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Participation in the development of sound environmental policy within the transportation and business sectors  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Integration of environmental responsibilities and considerations into daily operations and business decision-making processes  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Use of innovations and technologies to minimize atmospheric emissions and noise  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Efficient use of natural resources to minimize waste generation through efforts that include recycling, innovation and prevention of pollution  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Evaluation of environmental impacts of FedEx packaging products, operations and facilities, with a commitment to minimize impacts and restore properties affected by our operations  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Commitment to emergency preparedness and response in order to minimize any potential environmental impacts resulting from day-to-day operations  For more information about FedEx environmentally responsible projects across the globe, see -https://commitment.fedex.designcdt.com/environment  Aviation  FedEx is committed to reducing its environmental footprint, and has already made significant improvements, including the reduction of in-gate aircraft auxiliary power, reducing annual fuel consumption by more than 20 million litres.  In addition, FedEx is also modernising its aircraft fleet with plans to:  FedEx is introducing more fuel efficient aircraft, this includes 757s which have 20% greater capacity using 36% less fuel. The 777 will use 18% less fuel compared to aircraft in use today.  Ground Vehicles  Finding ways to reduce fuel consumption is important to FedEx. The company takes part in  studies conducted by the Paris City Council to optimise and regulate the delivery of goods in the French capital, and signed the Transport and Goods Delivery Resolution for Best Practice as part of its dedication to improve traffic conditions in the centre of Paris in June 2006. With 93 hybrids in current use, FedEx operates the most hybrid vehicles in the Express industry.   In Europe, FedEx is working with vehicle manufacturer Iveco to trial 10 electric/diesel hybrid commercial vehicles.  Across its global operations, FedEx Express saved more than 9 million litres of ground fuel in 2006 through its vehicle utilization optimization efforts.  FedEx has also taken important steps toward building an environmentally friendly, alternative fuel fleet, operating LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) delivery vans in London, UK, and support vehicles at the hub facility at Charles De Gaulle Airport in France. LPG has the benefit of reducing emissions of particulates and oxides of nitrogen significantly compared with diesel and reducing carbon emissions by approximately 12% compared with petrol. Packaging FedEx is committed to the continued evaluation of environmental impacts of FedEx packaging products. For more than 10 years, FedEx has worked to minimize the environmental impact of its packaging:  FedEx packaging uses recycled and recyclable materials. FedEx packaging uses only non-toxic inks, varnishes, and adhesives. The FedEx ®Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Envelope is made of 100-percent recycled material, 35 percent minimum post-consumer content and is not bleached. The FedEx specialty corrugated boxes are high in recycled and post-consumer content, containing 80% recycled material with a minimum of 60% post-consumer content. FedEx ®Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Paks are produced using a minimum of 60-percent post-industrial recycled content. FedEx utilizes a Reusable Envelope that extends packaging life. Environmental Policy The scope of this policy covers all FedEx (Domestic International) UK Operated sites. FedEx is committed to minimising the environmental impact of the delivery of its services by:  Meeting  and where possible, exceeding the requirements of applicable legislation and regulations.  Considering  the environmental impacts of its decisions and activities and fostering a sense of responsibility amongst all employees to achieve reasonable continual improvement and the prevention of pollution.  Conserving  energy and other natural resources through energy and water efficiency measures, green purchasing policies, by using fewer environmental damaging fuels, where cost-effective and practical, and by developing methods to reduce the amount of fuel used by vehicles on company business.  Encouraging  employees to reduce their use of cars anywhere appropriate and practical, to support any initiative which will encourage greater use of walking, cycling, public transport and car sharing as an environmentally more acceptable means of travel.  Developing  policies to ensure that where possible only those goods and materials which can be manufactured, used, and disposed of in an environmentally sustainable way are purchased. Minimising  the amount of waste produced and promoting the recycling of waste materials created by the delivery services.  Providing  employees with regular environmental awareness training.  Working  with customers, contractors and suppliers to help them improve their environmental performance.  Regularly checking  our environmental performance by reviewing progress on relevant corporate strategic objectives. Royal Mail Group Corporate Social Responsibility Report, 2008/09 Touching lives, connecting people Our reporting structure 2008/09 represents the seventh year that we have published an external Corporate Social Responsibility report and the second successive year that we have reported on our activities using Business in the Communitys four-fold classification framework. Our reporting structure, reflected in the structure of this report, is as follows: Our big five CSR ambitions Our Big Five CSR ambitions are a product of our partnership approach. Through these ambitions, we want to demonstrate our commitment to doing the right thing: for our customers, employees and suppliers. Doing the right thing makes good business sense building a leadership role in CSR enables us to distinguish ourselves in a competitive marketplace, as well as enabling us to reduce our bottom-line costs, and recruit and retain the best talent. We aspire to become the leading organisation for CSR in the UK. This report provides an overview of our progress so far. Demonstrate equality and fairness throughout our workplace. Ensure unrivalled standards of safety in our workplace. Provide first class support to improve and maintain the health of our colleagues. Provide first class support to improve and maintain the health of our colleagues. Become carbon neutral by 2015 and help our customers do business in an environmentally sustainable and competitive way.